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指鹿为马


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【成语解释】

  指鹿为马 (zhǐ lù wéi mǎ)
  解释:指着鹿,故意说是马。比喻故意颠倒黑白,混淆是非。
  出处:《史记·秦始皇本纪》:“赵高欲为乱,恐群臣不听,乃先设验,持鹿献于 二世,曰:‘马也。’二世笑曰:‘丞相误邪?谓鹿为马。’问左右。左右或言马,以阿顺赵高;或言鹿者。高因阴中诸言鹿者以法。后群臣皆畏高。

  示例:东床已招佳婿,何似以羊易牛;西邻纵有责言,终难~。 ★明·冯梦龙《醒世恒言》卷七
  近义词:混淆是非、颠倒黑白 、点石成金  
  反义词:是非分明
  用法: 作谓语、宾语、定语;指故意颠倒黑白





【历史典故】
  秦二世时,丞相赵高野心勃勃,日夜盘算着要篡夺皇位。可朝中大臣有多少人能听他摆布,有多少人反对他,他心中没底。于是,他想了一个办法,准备试一试自己的威信,同时也可以摸清敢于反对他的人。

  一天上朝时,赵高让人牵来一只鹿,满脸堆笑地对秦二世说:“陛下,我献给您一匹好马。”秦二世一看,心想:这哪里是马,这分明是一只鹿嘛!便笑着对赵高说:“丞相搞错了,这里是一只鹿,你怎么说是马呢?”赵高面不改色心不跳地说:“请陛下看清楚了,这的的确确是一匹千里好马。”秦二世又看了看那只鹿,将信将疑地说:“马的头上怎么会长角呢?”赵高一看时机到了,转过身,用手指着众大臣们,大声说:“陛下如果不信我的话,可以问问众位大臣。”

  大臣们都被赵高的一派胡言搞得不知所措,私下里嘀咕:这个赵高搞什么名堂?是鹿是马这不是明摆着吗!当看到赵高脸上露出阴险的笑容,两只眼睛骨碌碌轮流地盯着每个人的时候,大臣们忽然明白了他的用意。

  一些胆小又有正义感的人都低下头,不敢说话,因为说假话,对不起自己的良心,说真话又怕日后被赵高所害。有些正直的人,坚持认为是鹿而不是马。还有一些平时就紧跟赵高的奸佞之人立刻表示拥护赵高的说法,对皇上说,“这确是一匹千里马!”

  事后,赵高通过各种手段把那些不顺从自己的正直大臣纷纷治罪,甚至满门抄斩。

  故事出自《史记·秦始皇本纪》。成语“指鹿为马”比喻故意颠倒是非,混淆黑白。

  近义词:颠倒黑白

  清代李渔《怜 香伴·拷婢》“你说的话虽不是指鹿为马,却也是以羊易牛。”


【原文】
三年,章邯等将其卒围巨鹿,楚上将军项羽将楚卒往救巨鹿。冬,赵高为丞相,竟案李斯杀之。夏,章邯等战数却,
二世使 人让邯,邯怒,使长史欣请事。赵高弗见,又弗信。欣恐,亡去,高使人捕追不及。欣见邯曰:"赵高用事于
中,将军有功亦诛,无功亦诛。"项羽急击秦军,虏王离,邯等遂以兵降诸侯。八月己亥,赵高欲为乱,恐群臣不听,
乃先设验,持鹿献于二世,曰:“马也。”二世笑曰:“丞相误邪?谓鹿为马。”问左右。左右或言马,以阿顺
赵高。或言鹿者,高因阴中诸言鹿者以法。后髃臣皆畏高。


【译文】

二世三年(前207),章邯等率兵包围了巨鹿,楚国上将军项羽率领楚兵前去援救巨鹿。冬天,赵高担任丞相,终于判决杀了李斯。夏天,章邯等作战多次败退,二世派人去谴责章邯,章邯害怕了,就派长史司马欣回京汇报情况,请求指示。赵高既不接见,也不信任。司马欣害怕了,赶紧逃离,赵高派人去追,没有追到。司马欣见到章邯说:“赵高在朝廷中掌权,将军您有功是被杀,无功也是被杀。”这时,项羽加紧进攻秦军,俘虏了王离,章邯等人就率兵投降了诸侯。八月己亥日,赵高想要谋反,恐怕群臣不听从他,就先设下计谋进行试验,带来一只鹿献给二世,说:“这是一匹马。”二世笑着说:“丞相错了,把鹿说成是马。”问左右大臣,左右大臣有的沉默,有的故意迎合赵高说是马,有的说是鹿,赵高就在暗中假借法律陷害那些说是鹿的人。以后,大臣们都开始畏惧赵高了。




【关联人物】
·赵高

  赵高弄权
 胡亥做了皇帝后,赵高对胡亥说:“陛下要注意,诸公子和大臣们正在为沙丘之谋而蠢蠢欲动啊! ”二世一听, 马上紧张起来, 忙问赵高如何应付。赵高见时机已到,便煞有其事地说:“万全之策惟有‘换血’,铲除祸患。这样,陛下就可尽情享受人间乐趣了。”二世一听,乐得手舞足蹈。于是,一场“换血”大行动开始了。大批朝臣先后被杀,连二世的骨肉兄弟和同胞姐妹们都惨死在屠刀之下。最后连李斯都遭五刑腰斩,合家灭门。李斯一死,赵高便顶替他做了丞相,其族人、亲信都安插到了权要部门。赵高当了丞相后,成了秦朝的实际独裁者。渐渐地,他就想踢开二世自己做皇帝,但又担心群臣不顺从,于是就导演了一幕“指鹿为马”的闹剧。从此,群臣更加害怕赵高。

 秦相李斯,楚国上蔡(今河南上蔡县)人,是秦代著名政治家。在我国历史上声名显赫,功绩卓著。公元前247 年,李斯来到秦国,当上了秦王政的侍卫,后任命为长史,又拜为客卿,协助秦王吞并六国,统一天下。秦朝建立以后,李斯升任丞相。他继续辅佐秦始皇,在巩固秦朝政权,维护国家统一,促进经济和文化的发展等方面屡建奇功。公元前210 年,秦始皇死后,李斯为保全自己的利益,附和赵高伪造遗诏,立少子胡亥为帝。赵高篡权后又施展阴谋,诬陷李斯“谋反”,将其腰斩于市,并夷灭三族。

·扶苏

 扶苏(?~公元前210 年),秦始皇长子,是秦朝统治者中最具有政治远见的人物。他认为天下未定,百姓未安,反对实行“焚书坑儒”、“重法绳之臣”等政策,因而被秦始皇贬到上郡监蒙恬军。秦始皇死后,赵高等人害怕扶苏即位执政,便伪造诏书,指责扶苏在边疆和蒙恬屯兵期间,“为人不孝”、“士卒多耗,无尺寸之功”、“上书直言诽谤”,逼其自杀。



【现实意义】
  顺从性是与独立性相对的一种意志品质,顺从性强的人容易不加分析地接受别人意见。缺乏主见、易受暗示或慑于权势、权威的情况下,常会表现出这种顺从现象。
  赵高“指鹿为马”以考验群臣的这出戏就是应用了心理学上的顺从现象。秦二世虽然提出质疑,但毕竟年幼,还要听听群臣之见。而群臣当中,一些人回避矛盾、不吭声,这种保持沉默的态度无异于为虎作伥、助纣为虐,他们因此得以摆脱困境。不少人说是马来顺从赵高,这中间的确有人是为讨好赵高,阿谀逢迎,跟着他讲假话,但也少不了上面所说“顺从性强”的人。他们在思维和实施行为的过程中缺乏主见、易受暗示,因而不加分析和批判地接受别人的意见,人云亦云或是附和多数人的意见。这种“随大溜”的情况,心理学上称为“从众现象”,即服从多数人的意见。如此,一些人慑于权势而不表态,一些人阿谀奉承讲假话,又带动了一些顺从者及从众的人也跟着颠倒黑白。这样,赵高“指鹿为马”的谎言就占了上风。在当时的气氛下,顶着压力讲真话的人是要有点勇气的,而且事后都被“暗中治之以法”,吃了苦头。
  顺从现象在人的催眠状态下表现得最明显,此时,医生往往利用病人无条件的顺从来消除其心理矛盾、纠正其错误观念,达到治疗目的。清醒状态下人还是需要多一些独立思考精神,少一些顺从心态,方为健康心理。

[英文]

Calling a Stag a Horse
In the reign of Emperor the Second of the Qin Dynasty (221-207 B.C.), the prime minister Zhao Gao, obsessed with ambitions, was planning to usurp the throne day and night. But he did not know how many of the ministers in the court were allowed to be ordered about by him and how many of them were his opponents. So he thought out a way to test how high his prestige among the ministers was and also to find out who dared to oppose him. One day when court was held, Zhao Gao let someone bring a stag to the court and, with a broad smile on his face, he said to Emperor the Second of the Qin Dynasty:"Your Majesty, here is a fine horse I'm presenting to you." Looking at the animal, Emperor the Second thought that it was obviously a stag and that it couldn't be a horse. So he said smilingly to Zhao Gao:"Mister Prime Minister, you are wrong. This is a stay. Why do you say it is a horse?" Remaining calm, Zhao Gao said:"Will your Majesty please see more clearly? This really is a horse that covers a thousand li a day." Filled with suspicion, Emperor the Second looked at the stag again and said:"How can the antlers be grown on the head of a horse?" Turning around and pointing his finger at the ministers, Zhao Gao said in a loud voice:"if our Majesty do not believe me, you can ask the ministers." The nonsense of Zhao Gao made the ministers totally at a lose, and they whispered to themselves: What tricks was Zhao Gao playing? Was it not obvious whether it was a stag or a horse? But when they saw the sinister smile on Zhao Gao's face and his two rolling eyes which were gazing at each of them, they suddenly understood his evil intentions. Some of the ministers who were timid and yet had a sense of right eousness did not dare to say anything, because to tell lies would make their conscience uneasy and to tell the truth would mean that they would be persecuted by Zhao Gao later. Some ministers with a sense of justice persisted that it was a stag and not a horse. There were still some crafty and fawning ministers who followed Zhao Gao closely in ordinary times. They immediately voiced their support to Zhao Gao, saying to the emperor:"This really in a horse that covers a thousand li a day." After the event, Zhao Gao punished by various means those ministers with a sense of justice who were not obedient to him, even with whole families of some of those ministers executed. This story appears in "The Life of the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty" in The Historical Records written by Sima Qian. From this story people have derived the set phrase "calling a stag a horse" to mean deliberately misrepresenting some thing and misleading the public.

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